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Living With A Senior Pet

Wed, 02 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT

Kenton Taylor, D.V.M.

As pets grow older, their personalities mature and deepen. Unfortunately, they also develop health problems associated with older age. The following are problems we commonly see in older pets and methods to manage them.

Loss of Senses

Diminished vision can get in the way of catching treats or toys, hesitating at stairs or walking into traffic. The most common problem is lenticular or nuclear sclerosis which is a hardening of the lens. It is often mistaken for cataracts and other than affecting depth perception since dogs don’t have fine focal vision no treatment is indicated. Other problems can lead to difficulty seeing in the dark. Night lights at stairs and next to food and water can help. Blind dogs can be helped with a haloz (muffinshalo.com) to keep from bumping into things and bells on collars of other animals in the house can prevent being bumped into by them.

Hearing loss typically starts during the last third of a breed’s typical lifespan. Mid to high frequencies are affected first. Older pets “hear” the food bowl because they can still smell it. The sense of smell becomes more important as hearing and vision are lost. Scent markers such as Tracer2(innovetpet.com) can be used to guide pets with vision loss around furniture and to food and water.

Skin Conditions

Older dogs tend to more easily develop skin infections that can be mild resulting in scaly skin and foul odor at the skin. Often medicated shampoos and topical medications can control this. Dull and lusterless hair coats can benefit from brushing and addition of a fatty-acid supplement.

Mobility & Joint Movement

Mobility problems are best addressed early before pain and/or muscle atrophy becomes chronic. Addressing joint pain early provides for continued joint motion which keeps joints comfortable and maintains muscle tone and diminishes atrophy . Medical treatment and low-impact exercise prevent worsening of the pain and stiffness. Purposeful walks, starting with 5-10 minutes twice daily can produce surprising results. A “purposeful” walk is one that focuses on consistently walking rather than allowing sniffing for most of the walk time. Walks up and down hills will help to strengthen muscles with relatively low-impact activity. For those dogs with limited mobility, using a wagon to travel to a park and then getting out on the grass for wandering around and smell time gives them an enjoyable outing with mental stimulation.

For dogs with mobility problems, tile or wood floors can become unmanageable. Using carpet door mats on areas frequently traveled, booties with a non-slip surface, glue on paw pads and rubber toe nail rings can all help. Booties need to be removed when your dog is inactive to prevent moisture from causing skin irritation.

Weight Management

Extra body weight can quickly become a problem with food treats and diminished exercise. You should be able to feel the ribs when running your fingers down the side of the chest and there should be an obvious waist when looking down from above or from the side. Obesity is linked to multiple diseases and can be extremely debilitating in pets with chronic arthritis and is the primary predisposing factor in development of diabetes in cats. Begging is a common problem that doesn’t require that a food treat be given. Frequently what is wanted by your pet is to be recognized as an important family member. Petting, playing with your pet or if you must give food then giving them some of their usual food by hand is a “treat”. Foods sold as treats are generally very high in calories and so if treats must be given use treats that are just a couple of calories. Dogs find carrots and apples satisfying.

Sleep

Some older dogs become restless at night and will pace and pant, keeping everyone awake. There are many reasons an older dog may have difficulty sleeping including both medical and behavior related reasons. Discomfort, anxiety and cognitive problems are most common. If the pet is comfortable then anti-anxiety and/or sedative medications are often needed. Besides allowing everyone to have a good night’s sleep it may also allow dogs to be more alert during the day.

Treats & Games

Mental stimulation improves the older pet’s quality of life. When walks outside are not possible, hide and seek is a great game, especially if there is a food reward for finding their person. And for those pets that like treats, the use of food puzzles (aikiou.com) and putting food in a Kong toy is mentally stimulating.

Our pets are remarkable in their acceptance and accommodation of their disabilities as they age. Recent improvements in our ability to recognize and manage pain, anxiety and disabilities can be life changing during their golden years.

UPDATE ON CANINE INFLUENZA

Mon, 22 Jan 2018 00:00:00 GMT

There is currently a confirmed local outbreak of H3N2 canine influenza. Reports of influenza cases began around 01/10 and significantly increased in number 01/15. Cases have been reported primarily from San Jose, Campbell and Sunnyvale.

The H3N2 strain of influenza Type A was first seen in the U.S. in Chicago in 2015. The virus is highly contagious and dogs can have mild symptoms that may be mistaken as so called “kennel cough” or more severe symptoms resulting in fever and pneumonia.

Influenza virus doesn’t survive in the environment for very long but does spread easily between individuals. Transmission generally requires contact with an infected dog but be aware that an infected dog is usually contagious before showing any symptoms of illness. Infected dogs can remain contagious for up to 3 weeks.

Vaccination is recommended for dogs having exposure to other dogs as can occur during boarding, grooming, doggie daycare, training classes and visiting dog parks. Vaccination against both the H3N2 and H3N8 strains with a bivalent vaccine is recommended. The initial vaccination is followed by a booster 3 weeks later.

Since there is now an outbreak of influenza in this area, any dog who is coughing and acting sick should be considered suspect. Besides a cough, symptoms can include lethargy, decreased appetite, sneezing and eye or nasal discharge and with pneumonia, increased breathing rate and effort can be seen. Testing and treatment will vary depending upon likely date of exposure and the duration and severity of symptoms. If your dog has contact with other dogs then best not to wait but rather vaccinate now.

OSTEOARTHRITIS IN DOGS

Thu, 14 Dec 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Inflammation within the joints, osteoarthritis , is common in dogs with about 20% suffering the effects. It is a slowly evolving disease with development of joint pain, stiffness and limitation of motion. The most common cause is abnormal stresses on normal cartilage. Even tiny imperfections in the joints can lead to mechanical breakdowns and the resultant inflammation. The progression of the disease can be affected by body weight, amount of exercise and genetic influences.

The first symptom is loss of normal performance followed by stiffness after rest that usually lasts only a few minutes. Next, quality of life is affected – decreased exercise tolerance, not getting in or out of the car without help and decreased activity. These problems are frequently blamed on the pet’s increasing age. Progressive disease leads to lameness of a sudden or slow development. In some dogs there may be behavioral effects of joint discomfort including nervousness, aggression, depression and loss of appetite.

There is no cure for osteoarthrosis but rather the progressive condition is “managed.” In dogs the therapy goals are influenced by the severity of the symptoms, the intended activity, age and size and any concurrent disease or drug therapy that may interfere with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.

The most important treatment in overweight pets is weight loss. Obese dogs can become free of symptoms once they have achieved ideal body weight or be managed with lower dosages of pain relieving and anti-inflammatory medications.

Medical therapy will vary depending on the severity and location of the osteoarthritis. With medical therapy it is most effective as multi-modal treatment (2 or more different types) and best started prior to development of chronic pain. Once chronic pain is established medical therapy is generally not as effective. Similarly pharmaceuticals should be given regularly and not “as needed” after the pain worsens.

In most patients unless the osteoarthritis is mild the use of a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is indicated. These drugs while not addressing the underlying cause do control pain and inflammation allowing improved mobility. The most commonly used are referred to as COX enzyme inhibitors. COX enzymes are used by the body to produce prostaglandins. The “bad” prostaglandins cause inflammation and the “good” prostaglandins protect the stomach. This is in part why some patients can have stomach upset with the COX enzyme inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A newer drug called grapiprant (Galliprant®) does not inhibit the COX enzymes but works by blocking the inflammation and pain producing prostaglandin receptor. For those who have digestive issues with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs they generally do well with grapiprant.

A pain relieving drug, Gabapentin, is generally very effective combined with an NSAID or sometimes used alone in mild cases. It is particularly helpful in dealing with chronic or neuropathic pain. It is generally started at a low dose and the dosage gradually increased to avoid the common side effect of sedation. It may not be helpful in patients until a high dosage is reached. The medication is safe for long-term use.

Opiates particularly Tramadol can provide pain relief and are generally well tolerated. There appears to be individual variation in responsiveness to these medications and with chronic pain full effect may not be seen until after 2 weeks. Due to potential changes in alertness and behavior, Tramadol may not be good for working or service dogs, and check with your veterinarian before using with anti-anxiety medications.

Adequan® is an injectable glycosaminoglcin which is a major component of joint cartilage. The specific mechanism of action in dog joints is unknown. It is perhaps best used when the osteoarthrosis is at an early stage and when used alone at this time many clients report significant improvement in mobility.

In regards to glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and green lipped mussel, there are no studies to document effectiveness other than those conducted by the manufacturers. Unlike an injection of Adequan®, since these products are given orally they may be degraded to other compounds by the stomach and digestive enzymes prior to absorption. Since these products are not regulated as pharmaceuticals the actual quality of these products varies widely. Cosequin® manufactured by Nutramax Labs is a reputable product.

For those patients that are not responsive to previously reviewed medications the injection into the joint(s) of hyaluronic acid or corticosteroids or the use of PRP (platelet rich plasma) is indicated. Hyaluronic acid is a form of viscosupplementation which restores the physical properties of the joint fluid to aid in the lubrication of the joint, decrease inflammation and degradation, and help in cartilage repair. Used alone it is useful for mild to moderate osteoarthritis but in severe cases it is used with corticosteroids or PRP. Corticosteroid injections into the affected joint(s) reduce inflammation and improve comfort with 2 injections separated by 3 weeks lasting weeks to months. PRP reportedly has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect; has cartilage protective effects and improves the viscoelastic properties of joint fluid. For most patients joint injections require sedation.

Fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) does have documented effectiveness and generally supplemented at 600mg per day.

Besides medications and supplements there are lifestyle changes that can be beneficial. Regular moderate exercise including leash walking and swimming reduces inflammation and maintains good muscle strength to stabilize joints (“motion is the lotion”). Passive range of motion exercises; massage and hydrotherapy with an underwater treadmill or deep water therapy are all valuable. A warm, well padded, e.g. orthopedic foam bed, area to sleep is also important

For most dogs symptoms associated with osteoarthrosis can be relieved with weight loss if needed, exercise in moderation and pharmaceuticals with fish oil supplementation. Your veterinarian can help with catching early signs of this disease and guiding you with preventative treatment and therapies to delay progression of arthritis and if needed medications to relieve the debilitating pain associated with osteoarthritis.

HOLIDAY PET HAZARDS

Thu, 14 Dec 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Holiday time presents some situations which can be hazardous to your pet’s health. A little planning and taking extra precautions will keep the holidays a happy time for everyone.

Holiday food favorites can be dangerous for dogs watch out for “counter surfing” with food left on counters and serving areas. Fats, gravies and poultry skin can lead to gastrointestinal upset or worse pancreatitis. This inflammatory condition of the pancreas often requires hospitalized care and can be fatal. Keep trash where your pet cannot get to it. Food scraps and packaging can be delectable for your pet.

Alcoholic drinks especially eggnog is tempting along with rum cake. And unbaked bread dough undergoes fermentation in the stomach to produce ethanol and stomach distension.

If you have to share food, give canned pumpkin or raw or cooked sweet potato, carrots or green beans without added oils. Grapes, raisins and currants are toxic for some dogs. Be careful with peanut butter as it is high in fat and some peanut butters now have a natural sweetener called Xylitol added. Xylitol causes a dog’s blood sugar to become low and possibly liver failure. Only 2 ounces of Xylitol containing peanut spread can be toxic for a 25 pound dog. Xylitol is also used in sugar-free gum, baked goods and candies often labeled as “sweetened naturally” or “naturally sweetened.”

It doesn’t take much for a climbing cat or excited dog to knock the Christmas tree over, so make sure it is secured. A tight fitting tree skirt can prevent your pet from drinking the tree’s water. Foil around the base can discourage cats. Double-sided cellophane tape or citronella spray at the tree base will discourage cats from climbing. Avoid ornaments made from food such as salt/dough ornaments and popcorn strings. Watch for and remove any broken ornaments. Be careful with holiday lights as they are usually not insulated well and so are easily chewed through. Burn marks at the lips or tongue or respiratory distress are signs of electrocution. Tinsel and curling ribbon should be avoided completely especially with cats.

Poinsettia is only mildly toxic; holly, mistletoe, and Amaryllis more so with more severe stomach upset. Lilies are particularly worrisome in cats with eating only one or two leaves or flower petals causing kidney failure.

Potpourri liquid or scented oils simmered in a pot are particularly attractive to cats and are poisonous due to the essential oils and cationic detergents they contain.

While your medications are safely stored away, house guests may leave theirs in plastic bags in open suitcases. More common now is marijuana in plastic bags. If there is marijuana in the house, your dog will find it. No drug sniffing training needed here.

Lastly, one that you may be unfamiliar with is snow globes. They can contain ethylene glycol (antifreeze). If you drop and break one, the liquid could be quickly licked up because it tastes sweet. Ethylene glycol ingestion can cause kidney failure. Proceed immediately to your veterinarian if this occurs.

For some cats and dogs, the bustle of the holiday season with visitors and increased household activity can be stressful. Providing a comfortable, quiet place to retreat to can help and also prevent unnoticed escapes out the door. If your pet is particularly upset by houseguests, then your veterinarian can help with possible solutions.

If you suspect that your pet has been exposed to a “holiday hazard”, call your local veterinarian immediately or call Pet Poison Helpline at 855-213-6680 or ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 888-426-4435 (fee for both). Early treatment can prevent a serious or fatal condition.

SUPERFICIAL SHELL ROT ON TURTLE

Wed, 08 Nov 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Superficial shell abscesses and erosions, or shell rot as it is often called, is a common problem in aquatic chelonians. The keratin scutes that cover the bony shell develop defects or develop dark, pale or pink discolorations. The problem usually occurs as a result of infrequent water changes, lack of a filtration system, filtration system not cleaned and/or too low an environmental temperature.

Besides correction of the husbandry, treatment begins with the removal of any loose scute material along with underlying dead tissue. The blunt end of a scalpel blade works well. If, when scraping, the underlying tissue is bleeding, pieces of bone are becoming loose, cheesy material is present or the turtle is painful then the shell abscess is likely deep and further treatment should be done under sedation by a veterinarian. After complete removal of loose and dead tissue we have had excellent results with a product called Tricide-Neo. It is available from many sources including www.koiacres.com . After re-constituting the powder, sponge onto the affected areas and leave moist for 15-20 minutes. Use four times daily for two weeks and then twice daily until lesions are completely healed. You can use the solution for one week before changing to new solution. The shell is healed when it is free of discharge and odor, and is “smooth” (irregular scars may remain for life).

I don’t recommend dry docking which can result in decreased food and water intake. Antibiotics given as injections or orally should be reserved for deep shell abscesses and will not correct the problem without removing the loose and dead tissue. Frequent complete water changes 2-3 times per week for a 10 gallon tank and once weekly for a 50 gallon is best. Scrub tank and filter with 1 part bleach to 5 parts water and then rinse well. Feeding in a separate container will help keep the tank clean also. Water temperature and basking sites need to be at appropriate temperatures.

VANILLA BEAN - ADOPTED 12-4-2017

Tue, 07 Nov 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Miramonte Veterinary Hospital has been working with various rescue organizations to help kittens/cats and the occasional rat or rabbit find their permanent home. We do not receive any support or funding but do this as our contribution to the community.

Vanilla Bean is a female rat who has been spayed. She loves to sit on your lap. She is ready to be yours!

COCONUT CREAM & CHOCOLATE MOUSSE - ADOPTED!!

Tue, 07 Nov 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Kittens ready to go to their new home:

Coconut Cream: ~ 8 weeks old, male, castrated
Chocolate Mousse: ~ 8 weeks old, male, spayed

LEMON MERINGUE & CHOCOLATE BANANA CREAM - ADOPTED 12-7-2017

Tue, 07 Nov 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Kittens ready to go to their new home:

Lemon Meringue: ~ 8 weeks old, male, castrated
Chocolate Banana Cream: ~ 8 weeks old, female, spayed

ALLERGIES IN DOGS & CATS

Sat, 26 Aug 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Few problems can be as frustrating for pet owners (and veterinarians) to deal with as allergies. For dogs and cats the itchy feeling can cause severe irritation and self-mutilation. Treating allergies can be as simple as an effective flea control. However, in severe cases obtaining complete control of allergies can be elusive and necessitate multiple treatments. It is almost always a lifelong problem and can be expensive to control.

It is felt that if a dog or cat has an allergy to one thing then to some degree they are allergic to many things. The primary causes for allergies are fleas, environmental and food.

Flea allergies are a reaction to flea saliva.
Environmental allergies include dust mites, grasses, weeds and trees.
Food allergies can be due to many different dietary ingredients.

Sorting out which allergy or combination of causes is responsible for a pet’s itchy feeling is best done in a strict, systematic approach. The location of biting, chewing, rubbing, etc. can be helpful as well as the breed, age and if it is a seasonal problem. The possibility of mites cannot be overlooked and at least a cursory evaluation for mites needs to be done first. Bacterial and malassezial (a yeast) infections can mimic allergies and are a frequent complication of the biting and chewing associated with allergies. These infections need to be controlled and kept under control when dealing with allergies.

The easiest allergy to control is an allergic reaction to flea saliva. Even the bite of one flea can cause an allergic reaction. Effective flea control on all dogs and cats in the household will control this allergy. Unfortunately, many products claim to be effective but are not. Consult with your veterinarian.

Environmental allergies (Atopy) and food allergy symptoms are similar and distinguishing between the two can be difficult. In dogs both can cause rubbing or scratching at the face, chewing the paws and recurrent ear infections. While food allergies generally start at less than 1 year of age or older than 5 years, Atopy generally starts between 6 to 3 years of age. Atopy can be seasonal at least at first while food allergy symptoms are usually year round. In cats Atopy and food allergies are much less common than flea allergy and occur with equal frequency and without an unique pattern.

Corticosteroids generally control Atopy but long-term use is associated with undesirable side effects. Newer immune system modulating drugs such as Apoquel® (oclacitinib) and Atopica® (cyclosporine) can also be effective with Apoquel generally effective in reducing the itch resulting from Atopy and/or food allergy. Both medications can also have long-term side-effects which need to be monitored for. For Atopic dogs an injectable monoclonal antibody (Cytopoint ™) that blocks the protein Interleukin-3/ that results in the itch is highly effective and safe. Long-term therapy is best done with multiple therapies including immunotherapy based on blood or skin allergy testing, antimicrobial therapy with shampoos and other topical products and skin barrier therapy with topical products and essential fatty acid supplementation.

Food allergies are treated by avoiding the offending food allergens. While beef, poultry, chicken and wheat are commonly implicated, the adverse reaction can be to any food or food additive. There is no accurate blood test. To make a definitive diagnosis, one must feed a dietary trial for 3 months and if improvement is seen, then feed the former diet to see an adverse response. While a home-prepared diet is best, prescription veterinary diets are easier but no single one will work all the time. Usually improvement will be seen in 4-5 weeks but if no improvement is seen in 12 weeks, then try another. 100% compliance is essential and this means no treats, table food and flavored medications. All skin infections need to also be eliminated by the end of the trial, as a common complication with any allergy is skin infections.

Allergies are a lifelong problem and tend not to just go away. When dealing with allergies a systematic and disciplined approach is key. Trying a little of this or that generally is ineffective and leaves one frustrated and having to start all over again. Patience is needed. While “flare ups” will likely occur, allergies can be controlled by a systematic approach and close monitoring by your veterinarian.

HEAT STROKE IN DOGS

Wed, 26 Jul 2017 00:00:00 GMT

The weather here is as perfect as it gets for being outdoors at any time of day and any day of the year. So when warm weather comes the effects on our pets can come as a surprise especially on a midday hike in the hills or traveling to a warmer area. The effects of heat stroke can come quickly and mortality is 50%.

Heatstroke occurs when the body is generating more heat that it can get rid of. Short-nosed breeds of dogs, obese dogs, older dogs and those with upper airway or heart disease have more difficulty regulating body temperature. Nervous and excitable dogs along with those being excessively exercised are also at risk. Signs of heat stroke may begin with excessive panting and appearing distressed and becoming restless. Large amounts of saliva may come out of the mouth and/or nose. Weakness and difficulty in standing may then occur and you may notice gums looking bright red or purple/blue.

If you suspect heatstroke then move to a shaded/cool area and soak with cool water. Put ice packs under the neck and in groin if available. Do not use wet towels as that keeps heat in and alcohol on the pads is not effective alone.

Do not immerse in ice water or force your dog to drink. Allow to drink cool water if he or she wants to. Heat stroke is a disease that affects the entire body and simply lowering the body temperature may not address severe complications. A dog with heat stroke should be seen immediately by a veterinarian. Delayed admission to a veterinary hospital is a major risk factor for death.

To prevent heat stroke from happening do not keep dogs outside without shade. A wading pool can help. There is no answer to whether to clip or not to clip a long-haired dog. If you do clip, then no closer than 1-2 cm, as any shorter can lead to sunburn. Adding low sodium chicken broth to the water will increase intake. For those ball-playing dogs it is important not to let them keep the ball in their mouth after playing since it will prevent effective panting. Be careful with older dogs lying in a sunny window as they may not be able to realize they are becoming overheated. And of course careful with leaving your dog in a car even on cool days. A study by Stanford University Medical Center found that the temperature inside a vehicle increases on average 40 degrees Fahrenheit within 1 hour regardless of outside temperature.

Again, it is important to realize that decreasing the body temperature alone may not prevent damage to the kidneys, intestines, liver, brain and blood clotting problems that can occur with heat stroke. Start cooling your dog immediately if the veterinarian is more than a few minutes away but don’t delay getting to a veterinary hospital.

HOME DENTAL CARE FOR DOGS

Fri, 12 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Home oral hygiene can make a tremendous difference in your dog’s comfort and health. There are several home care oral hygiene options from which to choose, but keep in mind that anything you can do to help prevent plaque and tartar accumulation will pay big dividends. What really matters is whether or not home oral hygiene will be provided over the long haul – effort applied only for a short period or only occasionally will be of no long-term benefit.

Listed below are some commonly used options for home oral hygiene that have been proven to be of benefit for dogs. Combining several methods will achieve the best results. All methods of home oral hygiene share the goal of preventing or controlling periodontal disease by minimizing plaque (bacterial film) accumulation, and preventing the mineralization of the plaque to form calculus (“tartar”).

BRUSHING and TOOTH-PASTES: Brushing your dog’s teeth is the single most effective means to maintain oral health between professional dental examinations. This makes sense because the bacterial film known as “plaque” is the cause of periodontal disease. This film is easily disrupted by the simple mechanical effect of brushing the teeth. Frequent (ideally daily) brushing is recommended to maintain optimal dental health. Almost all dogs will eventually accept brushing. The key to success is to be patient and gradual in your approach, brushing mainly the outside of the “cheek teeth” located under the upper lip. A dog that resists brushing frequently may have painful areas in the mouth that need to be addressed.

We recommend a pet-specific dentrifrice for dogs. These products are safe for dogs and come in flavors that dogs accept, such as poultry, beef and vanilla. Avoid human toothpastes as they often contain abrasives and high-foaming detergents that should not be swallowed or inhaled by dogs.

Toothbrushes designed for dogs are soft and angled to assist in brushing the back teeth. Some dogs prefer finger brushes. A variety of “dental wipes” containing different products are available. The single-use wipes are rubbed on the outside of the teeth to remove plaque.

CHLORHEXIDINE ORAL RINSE and GEL: Chlorhexidine is the most effective anti-plaque antiseptic. Chlorhexidine binds to the oral tissues and tooth surfaces, and is gradually released into the oral cavity. It is safe for pets and rarely causes problems, though it does have a bitter taste if palatability enhancers suitable for dogs are not included. Some dogs may object to the taste of products containing chlorhexidine while others accept it with no difficulty. The rinse is applied by squirting a small amount inside the cheek on each side of the mouth. The gel is applied by smearing it onto the teeth. The tongue and lips will spread the rinse or gel around the mouth.

DIETS and CHEWS: Several “dental diets” have been shown to be of benefit in decreasing dental disease. Some employ a specific kibble design and others include a chemical anti-tartar poly-phosphate ingredient.

Rawhide products and chew treats can be helpful if chewed daily, and some rawhide chews and biscuits contain an anti-tartar ingredient. Palatability is important – chewing every day is the ideal.

We do not recommend cow hooves, dried natural bones or hard nylon products because they are too hard. They can break teeth and swallowing a large piece can result in an intestinal obstruction.

Chew toys are only of benefit if they are played with frequently and over the long haul – you can increase the dog’s willingness to chew by smearing palatable peanut butter or soft cheese on the product.

WHAT IS EFFECTIVE DENTAL CLEANING FOR YOUR DOG OR CAT?

Fri, 12 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Well-meaning pet owners can be quite surprised when their pet requires multiple tooth extractions when they have regularly had non-professional dental scaling done. The primary reason is that removal of dental tartar on the visible surfaces of the teeth is not enough. The effect is purely cosmetic. Tartar under the gum line within the gingival pocket can only be removed under anesthesia and left on the teeth will contribute to periodontal disease. Periodontal disease starts with inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and can lead to periodontitis which is loss of the tooth supporting tissues. Most small breed dogs have periodontal disease by 3 years of age. Untreated dental disease especially where extractions are needed is painful for your pet. Many times pet owners have commented on how much more active and engaging their pet is after dental treatment.

What about anesthesia? All anesthesia is not the same. Safe anesthesia requires first a thorough pre-operative examination and any appropriate laboratory testing. Gas anesthesia with a tracheal tube is administered as well as intravenous fluids and preemptive pain control. Usage of anesthesia requires close monitoring – per American Animal Hospital Association guidelines, one person monitors anesthesia while another performs the dental cleaning. Monitoring equipment is also used but it does not replace a dedicated anesthetist.

Effective dental cleaning is cleaning both sides of the tooth and again most importantly under the gum line with an ultrasonic scaler. Additional hand scaling especially of any exposed tooth root is done as needed. Periodontal pockets (space between the gum & bone and the tooth) are probed and measured. Teeth are then polished with paste as a smooth surface discourages plaque formation. The area under the gums is then irrigated to remove debris & paste. Deep pockets can be filled with an antibiotic gel to slow periodontal disease and sealants can be applied to the surface also to discourage plaque formation.

Dental x-rays (radiographs) are an essential step for most dental cleanings. Since introducing dental radiography to our practice over 19 years ago, I have been consistently surprised by the dental problems seen on radiographs that were not evident on dental examination. Following dental cleaning, home care is important and can include brushing, antiseptic rinses, applying sealants, dental diets, dental chews and antiseptics added to the drinking water.

Annual or for some, bi-annual dental exams are important for pets to live a long, healthy life. If you notice your cat or dog has bad breath and teeth that are covered in tartar; drooling or dropping food from the mouth; bleeding from the mouth or shying away when you touch the mouth area then dental or oral disease is likely present and an appointment with your veterinarian is recommended.

CHOOSING A FAMILY PET

Tue, 07 Mar 2017 00:00:00 GMT

A pet can bring tremendous joy to a family. Whether its being entertained by their charming antics or the calming effects of stroking their bodies, they de-stress our lives. While pet ownership is a responsibility, a family pet should not be a burden. Careful consideration needs to be given to the pet’s expected longevity, demands for daily care and attention, and expectations of interactions with small children and other pets in the household.

Dogs and parrots tend to demand the most attention and do best when regular attention is provided. They also require at least some basic training. For dogs, coming when called and walking on a leash (owner walking dog and not dog walking owner) provides for a more enjoyable relationship. Additional training is at each person’s discretion. Since my dogs have always been unruly, my “free spirit” approach is not appreciated by some. Be prepared for scornful glares if yours is not “well behaved.” Parrots need to be trained to stand on the hand and step up onto the hand when outside of their enclosure to best engage with their owners. Most parrots will occasionally bite and owners will need to be tolerant of this. Choose one with a small beak if this is a concern.

Cats in general do fine without a daily routine and get by if a couple of days pass without attention. With that said, cat personalities and preferences for human interaction vary considerably. While some cats like to be held or sit on laps most do not. Some prefer to be appreciated from a distance. Most do what they feel like irrespective of what you want. While an occasional cat will “act like a dog” if cuddly and responding with attention on your terms is desired than a cat may not be a fit for you.

Children will always chase the kitty, tease the dog and want to pick up and hug their pets. While the kitty can run and hide, a dog needs to be tolerant of a child’s handling. Most Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers respond with their tail wagging to any attention even if their skin is being grabbed or twisted. On the other hand, a herding breed or terrier or most small breeds will not tolerate this. Choosing the appropriate breed for the household is critical. Some dogs do best in a household with older children and adults where human behaviors are better controlled.

If a dog or cat is not possible, a rat makes a great pet. They are intelligent and engaging. You want to get a young rat so that it develops a desire to be handled. Rats handled from a young age are generally more tolerant of being carried about by children than rabbits and guinea pigs.

Reptiles vary greatly in terms of pet qualities and generally require a big commitment of time and effort to provide appropriate care and habitat. Some are highly intelligent. Bearded Dragons and Tortoises can develop strong bonds and attachment to their owners.

Once you have decided on a pet, it is a good idea to take it to the veterinarian for an examination before getting attached. Having a thorough examination and review of care, diet and behavior can prepare you for your new responsibility and avoid surprises and frustration. Remember that as pets age, they often need more care and attention to their health needs. You’ll be rewarded though to find that the silly puppy or kitten aged to develop a character all of their own that you’ll remember as a once in a lifetime.

HOLIDAY PET HAZARDS

Mon, 05 Dec 2016 00:00:00 GMT

Holiday time presents some situations which can be hazardous to your pet’s health. A little planning and taking extra precautions will keep the holidays a happy time for everyone.

Holiday food favorites can be dangerous for dogs. Fats, gravies and poultry skin can lead to gastrointestinal upset or worse pancreatitis. This inflammatory condition of the pancreas often requires hospitalized care and can be fatal.

Chocolate poisoning is a common problem with early symptoms being anxiety, agitation or vomiting. The darker the chocolate the more dangerous it is. Don’t keep wrapped boxes of chocolate under the tree – they will be opened by your dog.

If you have to share food, give canned pumpkin or raw or cooked sweet potato, carrots or green beans without added oils. Be careful with peanut butter as it is high in fat and some peanut butters now have a natural sweetener called Xylitol added. Xylitol causes a dog’s blood sugar to become so low that it can be deadly. Only 2 ounces of Xylitol containing peanut spread can be toxic for a 25 pound dog. Xylitol is also used in sugar-free gum, baked goods and candies often labeled as “sweetened naturally” or “naturally sweetened.”

It doesn’t take much for a climbing cat or excited dog to knock the Christmas tree over, so make sure it is secured. A tight fitting tree skirt can prevent drinking the tree’s water. Double-sided cellophane tape or citronella spray at the tree base will discourage cats from climbing. Be careful with holiday lights as they are usually not insulated well and so are easily chewed through. Burn marks at the lips or tongue or respiratory distress are signs of electrocution. Tinsel and curling ribbon should be avoided completely especially with cats.

Poinsettia, holly and mistletoe when chewed on, can cause drooling and an upset stomach but fortunately are not deadly.

Lastly, one that you may be unfamiliar with is snow globes. They can contain ethylene glycol (antifreeze). If you drop and break one, the liquid could be quickly licked up because it tastes sweet. Ethylene glycol ingestion can cause kidney failure. Proceed immediately to your veterinarian if this occurs.

If you suspect that your pet has been exposed to a “holiday hazard” call your local veterinarian immediately. Early treatment can prevent a serious or fatal condition.

SENIOR DOG WELLNESS

Mon, 14 Nov 2016 00:00:00 GMT

The senior years are the last quarter of a dog’s expected lifespan. In general the smaller the dog, the longer is the expected life span. Miniature poodles would be expected to live until 15-16 years of age whereas a Golden Retriever would be expected to reach 12-13 years. So a senior miniature poodle would be 11 years and older while a senior Golden Retriever would be 9 years and older.

Early signs of illness in a senior dog can include deterioration in play, activity and response to commands. Changes in appetite including having to change diet to encourage eating or eating more slowly are indications of an illness. Drinking more water than before, urinating more frequently, coughing and vomiting or diarrhea unrelated to dietary changes also indicate a problem. Weight gain can also be a problem as dogs get older. Lumps and bumps are common and may be benign or indicative of a malignancy.

Early diagnosis allows optimum cure or management of age associated disease. Early diagnosis begins with a thorough history and examination. Your veterinarian will ask questions including previously mentioned symptoms and note any changes in weight and behavior from the last exam. Examination includes palpating, manipulating, listening to inspecting mouth, ears, chest, joints, abdomen, skin and the dreaded rectal exam. The exam maybe further extended to being trotted outside to evaluate for any lameness, aspirates taken of lumps to evaluate for malignancies, or dilation of pupils to evaluate the retina. A thorough examination takes time so be certain your schedule allows for the time needed.

Following examination your veterinarian may recommend additional testing. Most importantly a routine blood profile and urinalysis should be performed every 6 months. Every 6 months in a senior dog is equivalent to 3 human years and so a lot can change in 6 months.

Your veterinarian will also review preventative care such as nutrition, weight optimization, dental care and environmental enrichment. For older dogs it is important to continue to cognitively and socially stimulate them by walking a different route, going to different parks, getting a new toy or even a new pet.

Senior dogs have character and your bond with them is deep. Extending their life expectancy and enhancing their quality of life can occur with early prevention, recognition and management of age-related problems.